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Biological Research For Nursing
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Measuring Tobacco Smoke Exposure Among Smoking and Nonsmoking Bar and Restaurant Workers

Chizimuzo T. C. Okoli, PhD, MPH, RN

University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia (CTCO), and the College of Nursing, chizimuzo.okoli{at}nursing.ubc.ca

Lynne A. Hall, DrPH, RN

University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia (CTCO), and the College of Nursing, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky

Mary Kay Rayens, PhD

University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia (CTCO), and the College of Nursing, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky

Ellen J. Hahn, DNS, RN

University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia (CTCO), and the College of Nursing, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky

Purpose: This study assesses the validity of hair nicotine as a biomarker for secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. Although most biomarkers of tobacco-smoke exposure have a relatively short half-life, hair nicotine can measure several months of cumulative SHS exposure. Design: A cross-sectional study of hospitality-industry workers. Method: Hair samples were obtained from 207 bar and restaurant workers and analyzed by the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) method. Self-reported tobacco use and sources of SHS exposure were assessed. Findings: Higher hair-nicotine levels were associated with more cigarettes smoked per day among smokers and a greater number of SHS-exposure sources among nonsmokers. Number of SHS exposure sources, gender, number of cigarettes smoked per day, and type of establishment predicted hair-nicotine levels. Discussion: Hair nicotine is a valid measure of SHS exposure. It may be used as an alternative biomarker to measure longer term SHS exposure.

Key Words: hair nicotine • secondhand smoke • biomarkers • hospitality workers

Biological Research For Nursing, Vol. 9, No. 1, 81-89 (2007)
DOI: 10.1177/1099800407300852
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